Computer Architecture

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About Computer Architecture

, operating system and applications (see also Tanenbaum 79).]]

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In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements (especially speeds and interconnections) and design implementations for the various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory.

It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories

:

* Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language) programmer, including the instruction set, memory address modes, processor registers, and address and data formats.

* Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, more concrete, description of the system that involves how the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they interoperate in order to implement the ISA. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA.

* System Design which includes all of the other hardware components within a computing system such as:
# system interconnects such as computer buses and switches
# memory controllers and hierarchies
# CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access
# issues like multi-processing.

Once both ISA and microarchitecture has been specified, the actual device needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is often called implementation. Implementation is usually not considered architectural definition, but rather hardware design engineering.

Implementation can be further broken down into three pieces:
* Logic Implementation/Design - where the blocks that were defined in the microarchitecture are implemented as logic equations.
* Circuit Implementation/Design - where speed critical blocks or logic equations or logic gates are implemented at the transistor level.
* Physical Implementation/Design - where the circuits are drawn out, the different circuit components are placed in a chip floor-plan or on a board and the wires connecting them are routed.

For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design.More specific usages of the term include more general wider-scale hardware architectures, such as cluster computing and Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) architectures."

  1. Mentioned In 31 Articles

  2. p80-larus.pdf (application/pdf-Objekt)

    Microsoft Research Home (Jul 14 2008) Explore Article

    ...hift marks the end of a remarkable 30-year period in which advances in semiconductor technology and computer architecture improved the performance of sequential processors at an annual rate of 40%–50%. this steady perfo... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Microsoft Research   ACM Press   Software Transactional Memory

  3. Zurg_JFP04.pdf (application/pdf Object)

    College of Engineering (Jul 3 2008) Explore Article

    ... to Replace Failure by a List of Successes. Pages 113–128 of: Conf. on Functional Programming and Computer Architecture. LNCS 201. (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Philip Wadler   Computer Architecture   Simon Peyton Jones

  4. icfp05.pdf (application/pdf Objeto)

    TheCAT (Jun 20 2008) Explore Article

    ... Embedded Architecture. In FPCA ’95: Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, pages 249–258, 1995. We have successfully designed and implemented a monadic interface to the l... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   University of York   Intel   House

  5. Scrap Your Boilerplate: A Practical Design Pattern for Generic Programming

    cs.vu.nl (May 28 2008) Explore Article

    ...ming. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. To appear. [5] ACM Conference on Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA’93), Cophenhagen, 1993. ACM. ISBN 0-89791-595-X. [6] A. Gill, J. Launchbury, and S. Peyton ... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Tony Hoare   Symbolic Computation   Colin Runciman

  6. Glasgow FP Technical Reports

    dcs.gla.ac.uk (May 22 2008) Explore Article

    ...eport is published in the Proceedings of the ACM conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, Copenhagen, June 1993. This technical report contains the complete set of performance results for ... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Haskell   Philip Wadler

  7. Purely Functional Random-Access Lists - Okasaki (ResearchIndex)

    citeseer.ist.psu.edu (May 21 2008) Explore Article

    ...ional random-access lists. In Proceedings of the Conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, pages 86--95, 1995. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/okasaki95purely.html   More @inproceedings{ okasa... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Chris Okasaki

  8. Haskell (programming language) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Main Page (May 15 2008) Explore Article

    ...he most widely used, but was proprietary. At the conference on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture (FPCA '87) in Portland, Oregon, a meeting was held d Haskell is a standardized purely functional pr... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Haskell   Lolita

  9. Wearing the hair shirt: a retrospective on Haskell

    Microsoft Research Home (May 9 2008) Explore Article

    ... presented this talk: it was born at a meeting at the 1987 conference on Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA'87). In this talk, which is very Wearing the hair shirt: a retrospective on Haskell. Simon Pe... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Ralf Hinze   PowerPoint

  10. A Short Cut to Deforestation - Gill, Launchbury, Jones (ResearchIndex)

    citeseer.ist.psu.edu (May 4 2008) Explore Article

    ...ury, and Simon L Peyton Jones. A short cut to deforestation. In Conf. on Functional Programming and Computer Architecture (FPCA'93), pages 223--232, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 1993. ACM Press. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/g... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Haskell   ACM Press

  11. Monads for Functional Programming

    Informatics Homepages Server (Apr 24 2008) Explore Article

    ...mplementation of functional aggregates. In 4’th Symposium on Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, ACM, London, September 1989. 3. R. Bird and P. Wadler, Introduction to Functional Programming. Pre... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Logic in Computer Science   Prentice Hall   Haskell

  12. Compiling Haskell to Java - Mark Tullsen

    cs.yale.edu (Mar 29 2008) Explore Article

    ...nt code for lazy functional languages. In John Hughes, editor, Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture, pages 592 617. Springer Verlag, June 1991. LNCS 523. [17] B. Stroustrup. The C++ Programming Langu... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Sun Microsystems   Prentice Hall

  13. Church's Thesis and Functional Programming -- David Turner

    Computing at Kent (Mar 22 2008) Explore Article

    ...t this foundation we might have been stuck with a plethora of notions of computability depending on computer architecture, programming language etc.: we might have Motorola-computable versus Intel-computable, Java-computa... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Chalmers University of Technology   Jean-Yves Girard   Christopher Strachey

  14. Why Functional Programming Matters?

    math.chalmers.se (Mar 11 2008) Explore Article

    ...antic Elegance of Applicative Languages. In Proceedings 1981 Conference on Functional Languages and Computer Architecture, Wentworth-by-the-Sea, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 1981. D. A. Turner. Miranda: A non-strict languag... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Philip Wadler   Chalmers University of Technology   Computer Architecture

  15. Lock -Free Data Structures using STMs in Haskell

    Microsoft Research Home (Feb 19 2008) Explore Article

    ...tural support for lock-free data structures. In Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium. on Computer Architecture 1993. 7. Itzstein, G. S, Kearney, D. Join Java: An alternative concurrency semantics for Java. Tech... (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   Microsoft Research   Simon Peyton Jones

  16. Circular Programs and Self-Referential Structures

    csse.monash.edu.au (Feb 18 2008) Explore Article

    . Lloyd Allison, Department of Computer Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168. written: 17 November 1987 revised: 17 May and 18 August 1988 LA home FP also see λ-e.g.s Abstract: A circular program creates a data structure whose computation depends upon itself or refers to itself. The technique is used to implement the classic data structures circular and doubly-linked lists, threaded trees and queues, in a functional progra (Read Full Article)

    Comment on Article Mentions:   Computer Architecture   S. Bird   Cambridge University Press

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